Imperfect Subjunctive Verbs in Spanish

The imperfect subjunctive of Spanish is the simple past form of the subjunctive mood, the one used to refer to events or hypothesized events relating to the past (although it sometimes refers to the present). Although the equivalent verb form is rare in English, the imperfect subjunctive is an essential part of Spanish grammar. Key Takeaways: Imperfect Subjunctive in Spanish The imperfect subjunctive is the simple form of the past subjunctive.The imperfect subjunctive is used most often in a dependent clause that begins with  que.It can also follow  si  (the word for if) when referring to a condition that is unlikely. Spanish has two forms of the imperfect subjunctive, the -ra form and the -se form. The -ra form will be used for examples throughout this lesson because it is by far more common in speech. How To Use the Imperfect Subjunctive Like the present subjunctive, the imperfect subjunctive is used most often in sentences of the following form: Subject (may be implied) indicative verb que subject (may be implied) subjunctive verb The subject and indicative verb form what is known as an independent clause; que and what follows form a dependent clause. The imperfect subjunctive is most common when the independent clause is in the preterite, imperfect or conditional tense. The imperfect subjunctive also is used sometimes following si (the word for if). This lesson assumes that you know when to use the subjunctive and how it is conjugated. Here are the major uses of the imperfect subjunctive: Following a Past-Tense Independent Clause This use of the imperfect is the most straightforward, because all verbs clearly refer to the past. Note, however, that English may use a would in translation because of the sometimes hypothetical nature of the Spanish subjunctive: El gobierno ordenà ³ que se hablaran con los terroristas. (The government ordered them to speak to the terrorists.)Me asombrà ³ que nadie me diera apoyo. (It amazed me that nobody gave me support.)Todos esperà ¡bamos que dijera algo mà ¡s, pero eso fue todo. (We all hoped he would say something more, but that was all.)No querà ­a que mis hijos me vieran. (I didnt want my children to see me.) ¿Tenà ­as miedo que te matara? (Were you afraid he would kill you?) Following a Conditional Independent Clause The imperfect subjunctive can refer to a present possibility when it follows a main clause in a conditional tense. Such sentences cannot be translated word for word into English and may require the use of if or would: Nos gustarà ­a que hubiera mà ¡s participacià ³n. (We would like it if there were more participation. Note the use of the English subjunctive were in the translation.)Me temerà ­a que mi amigo tomara la misma actitud. (Id be afraid my friend would take on the same attitude.)Estarà ­a feliz que me dieras su opinion. (I would be happy if you gave me your opinion.) After Expressions of Possibility The main verb of a sentence following a word or phrase meaning maybe can be either in the indicative or the subjunctive. Use of the subjunctive may indicate considerable doubt on the speakers behalf that the statement is true. Quizà ¡ quisieran conocer los detalles. (Perhaps they wanted to know the details.)Tal vez pensaran que mis padres eran ricos. (Maybe they thought my parents were rich.)Posiblemente no tuvieran otras alternativas. (Possibly they didnt have other alternatives.) To Indicate an Unlikely Condition As with the English past subjunctive following if, the Spanish imperfect subjunctive can be used following si to indicate something that the speaker believes is false or highly unlikely. An example would be a sentence starting out si yo fuera rico (if I were rich). When used this way, the subjunctive verb is typically followed by verb in the conditional tense, such as si yo fuera rico, comprarà ­a un coche (if I were rich, I would buy a car). Note that the condition expressed by the subjunctive verb refers to the present. Si yo comprara la otra consola, podrà ­a ahorrar la diferencia para comprar juegos. (If I bought the other console, I could save the difference for buying games. See how comprara and bought refer to the present even though they take the form of past tenses.)Si estuvieras aquà ­, te estrecharà ­a entre mis brazos. (If you were here, Id hold you tightly in my arms.)Si viviera en Aragà ³n, me gustarà ­a esquiar. If I lived in Aragà ³n, Id like to ski. If you need to refer to a past condition, you can use the imperfect subjunctive of haber with a past participle to form the pluperfect subjunctive: Si yo hubiera comprado la otra consola, habrà ­a ahorrado la diferencia para comprar juegos. If I had bought the other console, I would have saved the difference to buy games.

Federalism Supreme Court of the United States and Power...

Federalism has played a large role in our government since the time that the Constitution was ratified. It originally gave the majority of the power to the states. As time went on, the national government gained more and more power. It used the necessary and proper clause of the Constitution to validate its acts, and the Supreme Court made decisions that strengthened the national government creating a more unified United States. Finally, the recent course of federalism has been to give powers back to the states. Federalism was needed in the Constitution to make sure that the national government did not gain too much power. After the revolution, many people feared a monarchy or any form of government in which the central ruling body had†¦show more content†¦In the decision regarding Gibbons v. Ogden, Marshall ruled that a state cant grant a monopoly when it is related to interstate commerce. This gave supremacy to the national government in issues regarding interstate commerce. Through his interpretation of Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution, John Marshall successfully increased the power of the national government. The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution were also sources of power for the national government when it came to its jurisdiction over the states. By passing laws against slavery and allowing equal protection under the law, the national government gave itself the power to enforce those laws and therefore enhanced authority over the states. The 13th Amendment abolished slavery and in section 2 stated that Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. By adding section 2 to the amendment, Congress was simply ensuring their supremacy over the state governments. Among other things, the 14th Amendment guarantees equal protection under the law to all citizens. Since all citizens are guaranteed protection, it is left up to the national government to make sure all citizens are receiving these rights. Even though many thought that the 14th Amendment meant that the Bill of Rights wasShow MoreRelatedFederalism Essay1668 Words   |  7 PagesFed eralism Federalism is a system of government that divides power between a national government and a regional government with the use of a constitution. Throughout the United States history, federalism has played a significant role in the constitution and the system of government adopted by the United States of America. Federalism has also changed throughout the course of Americas history to fit the constitution and the government. Montesquieu was a French philosopher who was very importantRead MoreFederalism Vs. Judicial Review899 Words   |  4 PagesWhen one thinks of individual rights, federalism is not one of the first thoughts that come to mind. 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Under Rehnquist point of viewRead More Federalism Essay example1689 Words   |  7 Pages Federalism has played a large role in our government since the time that the Constitution was ratified. It originally gave the majority of the power to the states. As time went on, the national government gained more and more power. It used the quot;necessary and properquot; clause of the Constitution to validate its acts, and the Supreme Court made decisions that strengthened the national government creating a more unified U nited States. Finally, the recent course of federalism has been to giveRead MoreAmeric A Nation Under Federalism Essay1653 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica: A Nation Under Federalism Throughout the history of this nation, the Constitution, from the formation to the execution thereof, has set forth the precedent for the demonstration of excessive federal power that is clearly illustrated by history and modern America. 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Federal power evolved throughout history and has acquired many different shapes. Ultimately, the goal is to properly distribute powers between the Government and the States (Dautrich Yalof, 2013). The Constitution elucidates who holds what powers to balance their distribution

Identifying a Deteriorating Patient

Question: What are some of the complexities in identifying a deteriorating patient? Answer: In the present case study, the lack of use of rapid response systems for the deteriorating health f Sofie, are a major drawback (Massey, D., Aitken, L. and Chaboyer, W. 2010). Due to this factor majority of the time is wasted in waiting for the results of the CT scans and other tests and scans ordered for the patient. Secondly, another problem is taking care after ceasing the sedation of the patient. Although sedation is a critical component for preventing sleep, anxiety, agitation, etc, daily interruption of sedation decreases the duration of the mechanical ventilation, shortens the stay at the hospital and when combined with simultaneous breathing trials, may improve the outcome of the patient (Helbok, R. Badjatia, N. 2009). However, the rationale for rapid awakening strategy by giving general anaesthesia is that it is essential to conduct and diagnose the postoperative neurological complications in order to restrict the potentially devastating consequences and thereby aiming to i mprove the patient outcomes. The problem here is the situation in which the patient does not come back to his/ her senses and there is failure of attempt to perform the neurological evaluation (Fabregas, N. Bruder, N. 2007). Another problem with the deteriorating patient is the informed consent. In this case, The doctors find it necessary to tie the arms and hands of Sophie as they are fidgeting with the medication procedure. But the problems posed by the family members not only interrupt the treatment course but also create a stressful environment for the patient and the doctors. Informed consent is a topic of discussion between the patient and the physician. There are cases when the decision of the patient is not agreeable to the doctors and vice versa, but as doctors/ nurse, it is our responsibility to inject our own sense of values in the process of decision making and therefore reach to a conclusion (Terry, P. 2007). Some of the other factors that introduce complexity in the treatment and identification of a deteriorating patient are the lack of experience and flexibility of the staff, availability of the nurse initiated monitoring, lack of access to the resources of knowledge, etc (Gazarian, P., He nneman, E. Chandler, G. 2010). The distinguishing proof and administration of patient crumbling needs to be taught in expert advancement projects joining high loyalty reenactment procedures (Cooper et al. 2012). References Cooper et al., 2012, Managing patient deterioration: assessing teamwork and individual performance, Emerg med J. Fabregas, N. Bruder, N., 2007, Recovery and neurological evaluation, Clinical Anaesthesiology, Vol. 21, no. 4, pp: 431-447. Gazarian, P., Henneman, E. Chandler, G., 2010, Nursing decision making in the prearrest period, Clinical nursing research. Helbok, R. Badjatia, N., 2009, Is daily awakening always safe in severely brain injured patients? Neurocritical care, Vol. 11, no. 2, pp: 133-134. Massey, D., Aitken, L. and Chaboyer, W., 2010, Literature review: do rapid response systems reduce the incidence of major adverse events in the deteriorating ward patient? Journal of Clinical Nursing, Vol. 19, no. 23-24, pp: 3260-3273. Terry, P., 2007, Informed consent in clinical medicine, Medical ethics, Vol. 131, no. 2, pp: 563-568.

Empowerment in the Workplace free essay sample

The ability to affirm one’s self is an act that involves many facets on how an individual can be perceived, and the manner in which others perceive the characterization of the individual. The main form of this elasticity to exercise this affirmation is by the action of empowerment. Empower in the form to equip or supply with an ability or enable, is the most fervent assertion of self independence one can bestow to themselves and to outside entities. It is a declaration that can be demonstrated with an affective realm mentally, emotionally, and communally. Empowerment is a word that many people know, but not a skill that very many people have been able to master. For me, empowerment is the process of enabling an individual to think, behave, take action, and control work and decision making in autonomous ways. It is the state of being able to take control of one’s own destiny. We will write a custom essay sample on Empowerment in the Workplace or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Empowerment comes from the individual. Stages of empowerment can be described in the following ways to ensure the expansion of the individual, and to gain prosperity in all aspects of human existence. Within the flat organization model, employee empowerment becomes a mainstay. Just because the traditional model is not in place, that doesnt mean that management does not exist. Employee empowerment is a critical tool that can be utilized to create a better environment while amplifying the support of employees. People are the most important asset. Technologies, products and structures can be copied by competitors. No one, however, can match a company full of highly charged, motivated people who care. Empowering the employees stresses a few major points: personal responsibility, injection of new ideas, and open lines of communication. Empowerment is the oil that lubricates the exercise of learning. Talented and empowered human capital is becoming the prime ingredient of organizational success. Placing personal responsibility on each employee also ensures employees take ownership of their actions. Personal accountability also breeds interpersonal discipline. While holding each and every employee accountable, employees will begin to police themselves and take into account any shortfalls of fellow employees. People want and need to feel that they are insiders, that they are aware of everything that is going on. There is nothing so demoralizing to a staff member than to be kept in the dark about their work and what is going on in the company. Not only this deal with personal responsibility, it supports the ideas of better communication not only from management but within the employees themselves. A critical feature of successful teams, especially in knowledge-based enterprises, is that they are invested with a significant degree of empowerment, or decision-making authority. Basically, with the introduction of empowerment and personal responsibility, successful teams and companies are created within the flat organization model. With the empowerment and personal responsibility in action, people within the workplace will feel more comfortable speaking up and having their voice heard. At this point, an injection of new and fresh ideas will begin pouring in, aiding in creating successful process improvements and new policies and procedures. As stated before, people want and need to feel like insiders. Giving the empowered employees the opportunity to have their thoughts and ideas taken into account can go a long way. New, innovative ideas can come about by just letting the voices be heard. Employees may have more descript ideas for projects or improvements made within their area of expertise. For an example, if an employee has an idea about increasing the productivity, others outside that area may see this task as non-value added and not feel comfortable with the prospective changes. If the same subject was to come up within the disagreeing employees area, it may be construed as a good idea but with the same outcome. Have a voice of all employees creates the idea that an input matters and so called resident experts can have their say. There should be a distinguishable line between an innovative idea and something that may be of preference. This is where the leadership and management should step in and create those boundaries. With set boundaries, the employees will realize that empowerment is a good thing, but all ideas need to be well thought out before they are proposed. Using the flat organizational model creates that level ground and enables all the employees to propose ideas that can better help the entire company, not just their specific area. Although this model gives the power to the people, none of it can be accomplished without the aspects of good communication. Effective communication is the basis of all things successful. All communications flow through one clear, precise, documented policy or procedure to make the task as streamlined as possible with no shortfalls. The flat organization model places everyone on a level playing field, transferring communications from one end to the other ensuring all parties involved have the same idea. Without effective and successful communication paths, resident expert may not be able to convey their message as thoroughly as needed to get the point across. This also pertains to keeping new ideas at a level that can be understood by the organization. For example, if an Engineer is speaking in technical jargon, other employees may get confused in what the Engineer is trying to accomplish. Communication should also be documented in clear, precise wording so that there is no loop holes to get through or derail a prospective idea. This will also help maintain the educational shortfalls of some employees if the information gets too technical or out of their scope of thought. All the communications that are used should ensure they can be clearly translated into manual processes in order to see the light at the end of the tunnel and see it through to completion with the least amount of snags in the process. While employee empowerment through the flat organization model can be successful, only when employees are issued personal responsibility, get an injection of new and innovative ideas, and communicate will the process work for a company. Keeping a watch over all the tools and employees that are put into place will help ensure a smooth transition to this type of model. Empowerment is the process of enabling, through the development of competence combined with the authorizing of an individual to think, behave, and take action, and control work and decision making in autonomous ways. The payoff for the organization, a more effective and presumably customer oriented operation and for the employee a feeling of being self-empowered and being able to influence the outcome of their own future. Empowerment is not something someone bestows on the people who report to him, it is a personal development process undertaken in an atmosphere of mutual trust, understanding, learning and shared responsibility. Management has the responsibility to create a work environment which helps foster the ability and desire of employees to act in empowered ways through the removal of barriers that limit that ability. The concept of empowerment is conceived as the idea of power, because empowerment is closely related to changing power: gaining, expending, diminishing, and losing. Traditionally, power was understood as an isolated entity and a zero sum, as it is usually possessed at the expense of others. Recently, power has been understood as shared because it can actually strengthen while being shared with others . Shared power is the definition, as a process that occurs in relationships, that gives us the possibility of empowerment. It is conceived as a multi-dimensional social process that helps people gain control over their lives. There exist three issues basic to the understanding of empowerment. First, empowerment is multidimensional in that it occurs within sociological, psychological, economic, political, and other dimensions. Empowerment also occurs at various levels, such as individual, group, and community. Empowerment is only as good as its mental state. The Mind is the foundation and the birthplace in which all empowerment can be extruded. The focal point of empowerment is determined by the level of confidence one has in order to make the exhibition of empowerment more authoritative. This can easily be identified with societys educational status levels in which we are engrained from childhood. In opinion, the stereotype is by far accepted that the higher the level of education an individual exhibits; a more increasingly amount of empowerment is produced and exercised due to the exposure of educational access and an influx of support by the individuals domestic structure and surrounding community as compared to those who lack similar traits and emotional infrastructure. Influenced by a continual drive of psychological acceleration; it is of the output empowerment gives that drives the individual to strive for greatness, the omnipresent benefactor of confidence and accomplishment that robustly rejuvenates the mind to continue striving for excellence. Society; within the past 50 years has over exalted status quos on characteristics that majorities believe make the characteristics of an individual. From the amount of material possessions, to status of occupational rank, empowerment plays a key role in determining where one will place their niche. Empowerment is essential in the fact that it produces a surplus of confidence, thus assertive ones self into raising the bar in todays modern socioeconomic hierarchy. The only constraint in the progression of empowerment is limitation of the psychological mindset. In other words, the surest way to combat the progression of empowerment is the individual himself. Prosperity, as believed in general society; is only granted to those who seek it. By inquisition, action must be taken and how that is done is through the act of empowerment. The socio-economic status of an individual can be clearly defined and dignified by the power he invests within himself. Without it, affluence within a lifespan is un-manifested. While it yet to remains unknown why empowerment is so effective to each individual, the position remains identical: Empowerment transmogrifies the fortitude and disposition of an individual as long as the individual wishes to transform. With emotional renovation comes a renewed attitude and aptitude of growth and acceptance. Empowerment breaks down the barriers of unconstructiveness, indecisiveness, and mental apathy that would otherwise hinder the development of becoming a new being; mentally, emotionally, and with personal and public sectors being finances. For me, feeling as though I have a choice and can make direct decisions gives a feeling of self-worth. By not feeling constantly scrutinized, the workplace becomes a positive environment rather than a negative one. It is a crucial part in satisfying and improving productivity rates. It motivates me to be more involved in my job and improve my knowledge and skills. I am more eager to share proficiencies with other employees resulting in the skill level of the company to improve and job being completed in a more capable way. This is a social aspect of organizing that is based on efficacy and initiative, not just roles and requirements. Motivation, commitment and creativity increases and the company reaps the benefits. I am allowed to own the problem at hand. In doing so, I am encouraged to not only identify the roblem, but to supply my own solution to the problem. This leads to a positive work environment and a reduction of stress factors. The outcome of empowerment benefits the company as I am more loyal as I see myself as part of the company instead of just a subordinate. This reduces the gap between myself and managers. The role of manager then shifts from control to coordination and facilitation of work processes. With less focus on decision making, the focal point becomes good communications, leadership, education and training. The manager’s role becomes assisting us in development of the skills and confidence to make good decisions and to maximize my full potential. I believe employees are the most important part of any business. Without employees, businesses can do nothing. Empowered employees need their organization as much as the organization needs them. This need is much more than a paycheck and a benefits package. The empowerment process is successful when there is feedback in the organizational culture. Employees should be treated the same way customers are treated. Teamwork is also an important factor in empowerment. Teamwork leads to an enhanced performance, as well as an increase in the quality of the work performed. These are aside from the commonly observed factors of enhanced cooperation, collaboration and cohesion amongst the employees within the workplace. Concluding, empowerment is more than just an action of physicality, it is an affirmation into the subconscious realm that rejuvenates that mind and soul from within, to bring about the actions that will then take forth. .